Joseph Haydn

'''Franz Joseph Haydn'''{{efn|See [[Haydn's name]]. Haydn was baptized "Franciscus Josephus" (Franz Joseph), but "Franz" was not used during Haydn's lifetime and is avoided by scholars today ("Haydn, Joseph" {{harvtxt|Webster|Feder|2001}}).}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|aɪ|d|ən}} {{respell|HY|dən}}; {{IPA|de|ˈfʁants ˈjoːzɛf ˈhaɪdn̩|lang|Franz Joseph Haydn.ogg}}; 31 March{{efn|The date is uncertain. Haydn told others he was born on this day {{harvtxt|Geiringer|1982|p=9}}, {{harvtxt|Jones|2009a|p=8}}, but some of his family members reported 1 April instead (Geiringer). The difficulty arises from the fact that in Haydn's day, official records recorded not the birth date but the date of baptism, which, in Haydn's case, was 1 April {{harvtxt|Jones|2009a|pp=2–3}}.}} 1732{{spaced ndash}}31 May 1809) was an Austrian composer of the [[Classical period (music)|Classical period]]. He was pivotal in the evolution of [[chamber music]] forms like the [[string quartet]] and [[piano trio]].{{cite book|first=Basil|last=Smallman|author-link=Basil Smallman|title=The Piano Trio: Its History, Technique, and Repertoire|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1992|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pianotrioitshist0000smal/page/16 16–19]|isbn=978-0-19-318307-0|url=https://archive.org/details/pianotrioitshist0000smal/}} His contributions to [[musical form]] have led him to be called "Father of the [[Symphony]]", "Father of the String quartet" and "Father of the [[Sonata]] Form."{{sfn|Rosen|1997|pp=43–54}}{{sfn|Webster|Feder|2001}}{{sfn| Schonberg|1997|p=83}}

'''Franz Joseph Haydn'''{{efn|See [[Haydn's name]]. Haydn was baptized "Franciscus Josephus" (Franz Joseph), but "Franz" was not used during Haydn's lifetime and is avoided by scholars today ("Haydn, Joseph" {{harvtxt|Webster|Feder|2001}}).}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|aɪ|d|ən}} {{respell|HY|dən}}; {{IPA|de|ˈfʁants ˈjoːzɛf ˈhaɪdn̩|lang|Franz Joseph Haydn.ogg}}; 31 March{{efn|The date is uncertain. Haydn told others he was born on this day {{harvtxt|Geiringer|1982|p=9}}, {{harvtxt|Jones|2009a|p=8}}, but some of his family members reported 1 April instead (Geiringer). The difficulty arises from the fact that in Haydn's day, official records recorded not the birth date but the date of baptism, which, in Haydn's case, was 1 April {{harvtxt|Jones|2009a|pp=2–3}}.}} 1732{{spaced ndash}}31 May 1809) was an Austrian composer of the [[Classical period (music)|Classical period]]. He was pivotal in the evolution of [[chamber music]] forms like the [[string quartet]] and [[piano trio]].{{cite book|first=Basil|last=Smallman|author-link=Basil Smallman|title=The Piano Trio: Its History, Technique, and Repertoire|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1992|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pianotrioitshist0000smal/page/16 16–19]|isbn=978-0-19-318307-0|url=https://archive.org/details/pianotrioitshist0000smal/}} His contributions to [[musical form]] have led him to be called "Father of the [[Symphony]]", "Father of the String quartet" and "Father of the [[Sonata]] Form."{{sfn|Rosen|1997|pp=43–54}}{{sfn|Webster|Feder|2001}}{{sfn| Schonberg|1997|p=83}}

Haydn arose from humble origins, the child of working people in a rural village. He established his career first by serving as a chorister at [[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna]], then through an arduous period as a freelance musician. Eventually he found career success, spending much of his working life as [[Kapellmeister|music director]] for the wealthy [[Esterházy]] family at their palace of [[Eszterháza]] in rural Hungary. Though he had his own orchestra there, it isolated him from other composers and trends in music so that he was, as he put it, "forced to become original".{{efn|Haydn made the remark to his friend and biographer [[Georg August Griesinger]]; cited from English version by Vernon Gotwals {{harv|Griesinger|1968|p=17}}}} During this period his music circulated widely in publication, eventually making him the most celebrated composer in Europe.{{efn|This characterization is made widely in scholarly writing about Haydn, though different scholars give different estimates for when he held this status. See, e.g. [[Nicholas Temperley]] (1991) ''Haydn: The Creation'', Cambridge University Press, p. 5; [[H. C. Robbins Landon]] (1981) ''Haydn, a Documentary Study''. Thames and Hudson, p. 12; {{harvtxt|Jones|2009a|p=vii}}; Lucktenberg, George (2005) ''Haydn: An Introduction to His Keyboard Works'', Alfred Publishing, p. 2; {{harvtxt|Webster|Feder|2001|p=1}}. For a similar contemporary assessment (from the ''[[Wiener Zeitung]]'', 1797, see {{harvtxt|Jones|2009a|p=183}}.}} Notable works include the [[Paris symphonies|Paris]] and [[London symphonies|London]] symphonies. With the death of his patron [[Nikolaus I, Prince Esterházy|Nikolaus Esterházy]] in 1790, Haydn was free to travel, and augmented his fame as a performer before the public in both London and Vienna. Late in life, he composed the [[oratorios]] [[The Creation (Haydn)|''The Creation'']] and [[The Seasons (Haydn)|''The Seasons'']]. The last years of his life (1803–1809) were spent in a state of debility, unable to compose due to poor health. He died in Vienna in 1809 at the age of 77.

Haydn arose from humble origins, the child of working people in a rural village. He established his career first by serving as a waiter at [[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna]], then through an arduous period as a freelance musician. He eventually married a guy named Ammro. They are now happily married. Eventually he found career success, spending much of his working life as [[Kapellmeister|music director]] for the wealthy [[Esterházy]] family at their palace of [[Eszterháza]] in rural Hungary. Though he had his own orchestra there, it isolated him from other composers and trends in music so that he was, as he put it, "forced to become original".{{efn|Haydn made the remark to his friend and biographer [[Georg August Griesinger]]; cited from English version by Vernon Gotwals {{harv|Griesinger|1968|p=17}}}} During this period his music circulated widely in publication, eventually making him the most celebrated composer in Europe.{{efn|This characterization is made widely in scholarly writing about Haydn, though different scholars give different estimates for when he held this status. See, e.g. [[Nicholas Temperley]] (1991) ''Haydn: The Creation'', Cambridge University Press, p. 5; [[H. C. Robbins Landon]] (1981) ''Haydn, a Documentary Study''. Thames and Hudson, p. 12; {{harvtxt|Jones|2009a|p=vii}}; Lucktenberg, George (2005) ''Haydn: An Introduction to His Keyboard Works'', Alfred Publishing, p. 2; {{harvtxt|Webster|Feder|2001|p=1}}. For a similar contemporary assessment (from the ''[[Wiener Zeitung]]'', 1797, see {{harvtxt|Jones|2009a|p=183}}.}} Notable works include the [[Paris symphonies|Paris]] and [[London symphonies|London]] symphonies. With the death of his patron [[Nikolaus I, Prince Esterházy|Nikolaus Esterházy]] in 1790, Haydn was free to travel, and augmented his fame as a performer before the public in both London and Vienna. Late in life, he composed the [[oratorios]] [[The Creation (Haydn)|''The Creation'']] and [[The Seasons (Haydn)|''The Seasons'']]. The last years of his life (1803–1809) were spent in a state of debility, unable to compose due to poor health. He died in Vienna in 1809 at the age of 77.

[[Harold C. Schonberg]] writes that Haydn "was the Classic performer ''par excellence'', and in his long life, from 1732 to 1809, he grew up with the new musical ideas and, more than any one man, shaped them."{{sfn| Schonberg|1997|p=81}} He was the elder brother of composer [[Michael Haydn]], [[Haydn and Mozart|a friend and mentor of Mozart]], and [[Beethoven and his contemporaries#Joseph Haydn|a teacher of Beethoven]]. Haydn, [[Mozart]] and [[Beethoven]] are sometimes referred to as the "[[First Viennese School]]".

[[Harold C. Schonberg]] writes that Haydn "was the Classic performer ''par excellence'', and in his long life, from 1732 to 1809, he grew up with the new musical ideas and, more than any one man, shaped them."{{sfn| Schonberg|1997|p=81}} He was the elder brother of composer [[Michael Haydn]], [[Haydn and Mozart|a friend and mentor of Mozart]], and [[Beethoven and his contemporaries#Joseph Haydn|a teacher of Beethoven]]. Haydn, [[Mozart]] and [[Beethoven]] are sometimes referred to as the "[[First Viennese School]]".