Human rights in the United States

====Historical restrictions====

====Historical restrictions====

[[Sedition]] laws have sometimes placed restrictions on freedom of expression. The [[Alien and Sedition Acts]], passed by President [[John Adams]] during an undeclared naval conflict with [[France]], allowed the government to punish "false" statements about the government and to deport "dangerous" immigrants. The [[Federalist Party]] used these acts to harass many supporters of the [[Democratic-Republican Party]]. While [[Woodrow Wilson]] was president, broad legislation called the [[Espionage Act of 1917]] and [[Sedition Act of 1918]] were passed during [[World War I]]. Thousands were jailed for violations of these laws, which prohibited criticizing conscription and the government, or sending literature through the [[US Mail]] doing the same. Most prominently it led to the conviction of [[Socialist Party of America]] Presidential candidate [[Eugene V. Debs]] for speaking out against US participation in World War I and conscription. Debs received ten years in prison, and ran for president a third time while in prison (on December 25, 1921, his sentence was commuted by President [[Warren G. Harding]], releasing Debs early). Numerous [[conscientious objector]]s to conscription were also jailed, with a few dying due to mistreatment. In the post-war [[Palmer Raids]], foreign-born dissidents were arrested in the thousands without legal warrants, and deported for their political beliefs.

[[Sedition]] laws have sometimes placed restrictions on freedom of expression. The [[Alien and Sedition Acts]], passed by President [[John Adams]] during an undeclared naval conflict with [[France]], allowed the government to punish "false" statements about the government and to deport "dangerous" immigrants. The [[Federalist Party]] used these acts to harass many supporters of the [[Democratic-Republican Party]]. While [[Woodrow Wilson]] was president, broad legislation called the [[Espionage Act of 1917]] and [[Sedition Act of 1918]] were passed during [[World War I]]. Thousands were jailed for violations of these laws, which prohibited criticizing conscription and the government, or sending literature through the [[US Mail]] doing the same. Most prominently it led to the conviction of [[Socialist Party of America]] Presidential candidate [[Eugene V. Debs]] for encouraging young men to evade the draft when he spoke out against conscription. Debs received ten years in prison, and ran for president a third time while in prison. In late 1921, his sentence was commuted by President [[Warren G. Harding]], releasing Debs early.John T. Popiel, " 'A Crime Against Humanity': Prison, Capitalism, and Convict No. 9653 (Eugene V. Debs)." ''The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era'' 24.3 (2025): 326-342. Numerous [[conscientious objector]]s to conscription were also jailed. In the post-war [[Palmer Raids]], foreign-born dissidents were arrested in the thousands without legal warrants, and deported for their political beliefs.

Presidents have claimed the power to imprison summarily, under military jurisdiction, those suspected of being combatants for states or groups at war against the United States. [[Abraham Lincoln]] invoked this power in the [[American Civil War]] to imprison [[Maryland]] secessionists. In that case, the Supreme Court concluded that only [[United States Congress|Congress]] could suspend the writ of [[habeas corpus]], and the government released the detainees. During [[World War II]], the United States [[Japanese American internment|interned thousands of Japanese-Americans]] on alleged fears that [[Japan]] might use them as saboteurs-the US Supreme Court upheld this policy.

Presidents have claimed the power to imprison summarily, under military jurisdiction, those suspected of being combatants for states or groups at war against the United States. [[Abraham Lincoln]] invoked this power in the [[American Civil War]] to imprison [[Maryland]] secessionists. In that case, the Supreme Court concluded that only [[United States Congress|Congress]] could suspend the writ of [[habeas corpus]], and the government released the detainees. During [[World War II]], the United States [[Japanese American internment|interned thousands of Japanese-Americans]] on alleged fears that [[Japan]] might use them as saboteurs-the US Supreme Court upheld this policy.