Hafnia (bacterium)
Pathogenicity and antimicrobial susceptibility: Copy edit
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It is interesting to highlight that [[ATCC (company)|ATCC]] considers classifies all ''Hafnia alvei'' strains as Biosafety level 1.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lgcstandards-atcc.org/en/Support/How_to_Order/Biosafety_Level.aspx|title=Biosafety Level|website=www.lgcstandards-atcc.org|language=en|access-date=25 June 2018}} Furthermore, Richard identified the presence of 108 viable cells per gram of cheese, which suggests a daily consumption of more than 109 bacteria per day (calculation based on a 30 g portion) indicating the good safety profile of ''Hafnia alvei'' in daily consumption.{{Cite journal|last1=RICHARD|first1=J.|last2=GRATADOUX|first2=J. J.|date=1984|title=Evolution de la flore microbienne à la surface des Camemberts fabriqués avec du lait cru|journal=Le Lait|volume=64|issue=645–646|pages=496–520|doi=10.1051/lait:1984645-64638|issn=0023-7302|doi-access=free}} |
It is interesting to highlight that [[ATCC (company)|ATCC]] considers classifies all ''Hafnia alvei'' strains as Biosafety level 1.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lgcstandards-atcc.org/en/Support/How_to_Order/Biosafety_Level.aspx|title=Biosafety Level|website=www.lgcstandards-atcc.org|language=en|access-date=25 June 2018}} Furthermore, Richard identified the presence of 108 viable cells per gram of cheese, which suggests a daily consumption of more than 109 bacteria per day (calculation based on a 30 g portion) indicating the good safety profile of ''Hafnia alvei'' in daily consumption.{{Cite journal|last1=RICHARD|first1=J.|last2=GRATADOUX|first2=J. J.|date=1984|title=Evolution de la flore microbienne à la surface des Camemberts fabriqués avec du lait cru|journal=Le Lait|volume=64|issue=645–646|pages=496–520|doi=10.1051/lait:1984645-64638|issn=0023-7302|doi-access=free}} |
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A studying examining the susceptibility of 76 ''H. alvei'' isolates to 69 antibiotics. The general pattern that emerges from this study is that hafniae are typically susceptible to carbapenems, monobactams, chloramphenicol, quinolones, aminoglycosides, and antifolates (e.g., trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) and resistant to penicillin, oxacillin, and amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid. Susceptibility to tetracyclines and cephalosporins is variable.{{Cite journal|last1=Stock|first1=Ingo|last2=Rahman|first2=Motiur|last3=Sherwood|first3=Kimberley Jane|last4=Wiedemann|first4=Bernd|date=2005|title=Natural antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and biochemical identification of ''Escherichia albertii'' and ''Hafnia alvei'' strains|journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease|volume=51|issue=3|pages=151–163|doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2004.10.008|pmid=15766600|issn=0732-8893}} |
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A Spanish study,{{Cite journal|last=Fernandez-Roblas|first=R.|date=1 December 2000|title=In vitro activity of gemifloxacin (SB-265805) compared with 14 other antimicrobials against intestinal pathogens|journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=46|issue=6|pages=1023–1027|doi=10.1093/jac/46.6.1023|pmid=11102426|issn=1460-2091|doi-access=free}} involving enteric pathogens also found that 32 strains of ''H. alvei'' were universally susceptible to all quinolones (including gemifloxacin and grepafloxacin), cefotaxime, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, and naladixic acid; 78% of the strains in that study were susceptible to doxycycline. Some ''H. alvei'' strains produce both low-level inducible cephalosporinases (ceftazidime susceptible) and high-level constitutive cephalosporinase activity that is resistant to ceftazidime. |
A Spanish study,{{Cite journal|last=Fernandez-Roblas|first=R.|date=1 December 2000|title=In vitro activity of gemifloxacin (SB-265805) compared with 14 other antimicrobials against intestinal pathogens|journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=46|issue=6|pages=1023–1027|doi=10.1093/jac/46.6.1023|pmid=11102426|issn=1460-2091|doi-access=free}} involving enteric pathogens also found that 32 strains of ''H. alvei'' were universally susceptible to all quinolones (including gemifloxacin and grepafloxacin), cefotaxime, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, and naladixic acid; 78% of the strains in that study were susceptible to doxycycline. Some ''H. alvei'' strains produce both low-level inducible cephalosporinases (ceftazidime susceptible) and high-level constitutive cephalosporinase activity that is resistant to ceftazidime. |
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