Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1

==== Rhabdomyosarcoma ====

==== Rhabdomyosarcoma ====

Elevated expression of FGFR1 protein was detected in 10 of 10 human [[Rhabdomyosarcoma]] tumors and 4 of 4 human cell lines derived from rhabdomyocarcoma. The tumor cases included 6 cases of [[Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma]], 2 cases of [[Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma]], and 2 cases of [[Rhabdomyosarcoma#Types|pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma]]. Rhabdomyosarcoma is a highly malignant form of cancer that develops from immature skeletal muscle cell precursors viz., [[myoblasts]]s that have failed to fully [[Cellular differentiation|differentiate]]. FGFR1 activation causes myoblast to proliferate while inhibiting their differentiation, dual effects that may lead to the assumption of a malignant [[phenotype]] by these cells. The 10 human rhabdomyosarcoma tumor exhibited decreased levels of methylation of [[CpG islands]] [[Upstream and downstream (DNA)|upstream]] of the first FGFR1 [[exon]]. CpG islands commonly function to silence expression of adjacent genes while their [[CpG island#Methylation of CpG islands stably silences genes|methylation]] inhibits this silencing. Hypomethylation of CpG islands upstream of FGFR1 is hypothesized to be at least in part responsible for the over-expression of FGFR1 by and malignant behavior of these rhabdomyosarcoma tumors.{{cite journal | vauthors = Goldstein M, Meller I, Orr-Urtreger A | title = FGFR1 over-expression in primary rhabdomyosarcoma tumors is associated with hypomethylation of a 5' CpG island and abnormal expression of the AKT1, NOG, and BMP4 genes | journal = Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer | volume = 46 | issue = 11 | pages = 1028–1038 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17696196 | doi = 10.1002/gcc.20489 | s2cid = 8865648 }} In addition, a single case of rhabdomyosarcoma tumor was found express co-amplified ''FOXO1'' gene at 13q14 and ''FGFR1'' gene at 8p11, i.e. t(8;13)(p11;q14), suggesting the formation, amplification, and malignant activity of a chimerical '''FOXO1-FGFR1''' fusion gene by this tumor.{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu J, Guzman MA, Pezanowski D, Patel D, Hauptman J, Keisling M, Hou SJ, Papenhausen PR, Pascasio JM, Punnett HH, Halligan GE, de Chadarévian JP | display-authors = 6 | title = FOXO1-FGFR1 fusion and amplification in a solid variant of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma | journal = Modern Pathology | volume = 24 | issue = 10 | pages = 1327–1335 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21666686 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.2011.98 | doi-access = free }}

Elevated expression of FGFR1 protein was detected in 10 of 10 human [[Rhabdomyosarcoma]] tumors and 4 of 4 human cell lines derived from rhabdomyosarcoma. The tumor cases included 6 cases of [[Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma]], 2 cases of [[Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma]], and 2 cases of [[Rhabdomyosarcoma#Types|pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma]]. Rhabdomyosarcoma is a highly malignant form of cancer that develops from immature skeletal muscle cell precursors viz., [[myoblasts]] that have failed to fully [[Cellular differentiation|differentiate]]. FGFR1 activation causes myoblast to proliferate while inhibiting their differentiation, dual effects that may lead to the assumption of a malignant [[phenotype]] by these cells. The 10 human rhabdomyosarcoma tumor exhibited decreased levels of methylation of [[CpG islands]] [[Upstream and downstream (DNA)|upstream]] of the first FGFR1 [[exon]]. CpG islands commonly function to silence expression of adjacent genes while their [[CpG island#Methylation of CpG islands stably silences genes|methylation]] inhibits this silencing. Hypomethylation of CpG islands upstream of FGFR1 is hypothesized to be at least in part responsible for the over-expression of FGFR1 by and malignant behavior of these rhabdomyosarcoma tumors.{{cite journal | vauthors = Goldstein M, Meller I, Orr-Urtreger A | title = FGFR1 over-expression in primary rhabdomyosarcoma tumors is associated with hypomethylation of a 5' CpG island and abnormal expression of the AKT1, NOG, and BMP4 genes | journal = Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer | volume = 46 | issue = 11 | pages = 1028–1038 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17696196 | doi = 10.1002/gcc.20489 | s2cid = 8865648 }} In addition, a single case of rhabdomyosarcoma tumor was found express co-amplified ''FOXO1'' gene at 13q14 and ''FGFR1'' gene at 8p11, i.e. t(8;13)(p11;q14), suggesting the formation, amplification, and malignant activity of a chimerical '''FOXO1-FGFR1''' fusion gene by this tumor.{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu J, Guzman MA, Pezanowski D, Patel D, Hauptman J, Keisling M, Hou SJ, Papenhausen PR, Pascasio JM, Punnett HH, Halligan GE, de Chadarévian JP | display-authors = 6 | title = FOXO1-FGFR1 fusion and amplification in a solid variant of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma | journal = Modern Pathology | volume = 24 | issue = 10 | pages = 1327–1335 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21666686 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.2011.98 | doi-access = free }}

==== Other types of cancers ====

==== Other types of cancers ====