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As ''A. defectiva'' is [[non-motile]] |
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As ''A. defectiva'' is [[non-motile]] |
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== Physiology and ecology == |
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== Physiology == |
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''A. defectiva'' is a [[fastidious organism]], and requires complex living conditions in order to correctly grow. Being [[Facultative anaerobic organism|facultative anaerobic]] it requires an atmosphere of 5–10% CO2 to grow optimally. [{{Cite journal |last=Ince |first=A. |last2=Tiemer |first2=B. |last3=Gille |first3=J. |last4=Boos |first4=C. |last5=Russlies |first5=M. |date=2002-10-01 |title=Total knee arthroplasty infection due to Abiotrophia defectiva |url=https://scispace.com/pdf/total-knee-arthroplasty-infection-due-to-abiotrophia-27d3ssb6dh.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology |language=en |volume=51 |issue=10 |pages=899–902 |doi=10.1099/0022-1317-51-10-899 |issn=0022-2615 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260418125028/https://scispace.com/pdf/total-knee-arthroplasty-infection-due-to-abiotrophia-27d3ssb6dh.pdf |archive-date=2026-04-18 |doi-access=}}] If grown in lab conditions it requires a medium supplemented with [[pyridoxal]] or [[cysteine]] to support its growth, as it requires the pyridoxal in human blood to support itself. [{{Citation |title=Viridans Streptococci, Nutritionally Variant Streptococci, Groups C and G Streptococci, and Other Related Organisms |date=2015-01-01 |work=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases |pages=2349–2361.e2 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9781455748013002046 |access-date=2026-04-18 |publisher=W.B. Saunders |language=en-US |url-access=subscription}}] |
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If the required nutrients are not present in order for the bacterium to support itself, it will attempt to form satelitte [[Colony (biology)|colonies]] with other species that can provide its nutrients, such as ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''. |
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=== Growing Conditions === |
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''A. defectiva'' is a [[fastidious organism]], and requires complex living conditions in order to correctly grow. Being [[Facultative anaerobic organism|facultative anaerobic]] it requires an atmosphere 5–10% CO2 to grow optimally. [{{Cite journal |last=Ince |first=A. |last2=Tiemer |first2=B. |last3=Gille |first3=J. |last4=Boos |first4=C. |last5=Russlies |first5=M. |date=2002-10-01 |title=Total knee arthroplasty infection due to Abiotrophia defectiva |url=https://scispace.com/pdf/total-knee-arthroplasty-infection-due-to-abiotrophia-27d3ssb6dh.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology |language=en |volume=51 |issue=10 |pages=899–902 |doi=10.1099/0022-1317-51-10-899 |issn=0022-2615 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260418125028/https://scispace.com/pdf/total-knee-arthroplasty-infection-due-to-abiotrophia-27d3ssb6dh.pdf |archive-date=2026-04-18 |doi-access=}}] If grown in lab conditions it requires a medium supplemented with [[pyridoxal]] or [[cysteine]] to support its growth, as it requires the pyridoxal in human blood to support itself. [{{Citation |title=Viridans Streptococci, Nutritionally Variant Streptococci, Groups C and G Streptococci, and Other Related Organisms |date=2015-01-01 |work=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases |pages=2349–2361.e2 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9781455748013002046 |access-date=2026-04-18 |publisher=W.B. Saunders |language=en-US |url-access=subscription}}] |
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''A. defectiva'' is both [[Catalase#Bacterial identification (catalase test)|catalase-negative]] and [[Oxidase test|oxidase-negative]] , and produces [[lactic acid]]. |
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If the required nutrients are not their in order for the bacterium to support itself, it will attempt to form satelitte [[Colony (biology)|colonies]] with other species that can provide its nutrients, such as ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''. |
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=== Physiological Characteristics === |
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''A. defectiva'' is both [[Catalase#Bacterial identification (catalase test)|catalase-negative]] and [[Oxidase test|oxidase-negative]] |
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== Clinical significance == |
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== Clinical significance == |
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=== Pathogenicity === |
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=== Pathogenicity === |
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''A. defectiva'' is a [[Opportunistic infection|opportunistic]][{{Cite journal |last=Puxeddu |first=Silvia |last2=Virdis |first2=Valeria |last3=Sacco |first3=Daniele |last4=Depau |first4=Mario |last5=Atzei |first5=Alessandro M. |last6=Pisano |first6=Lorella |last7=Di Rosa |first7=Marcello |last8=Vacquer |first8=Stefania |last9=Accardi |first9=Giorgio |last10=Cirio |first10=Emiliano M. |last11=Manzin |first11=Aldo |last12=Marinelli |first12=Cristiana |last13=Angius |first13=Fabrizio |date=2025-01-17 |title=A case of stroke as a unique sign of subclinical infective endocarditis by Abiotrophia defectiva: a case report |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-025-00814-6 |journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=17 |doi=10.1186/s12245-025-00814-6 |issn=1865-1380 |pmc=11744866 |pmid=39833666 |doi-access=free}}] bacterium that have links to a wide variety of bloodstream related diseases,[{{Cite journal |last=Senn |first=Laurence |last2=Entenza |first2=José M. |last3=Greub |first3=Gilbert |last4=Jaton |first4=Katia |last5=Wenger |first5=Aline |last6=Bille |first6=Jacques |last7=Calandra |first7=Thierry |last8=Prod'hom |first8=Guy |date=2006-01-20 |title=Bloodstream and endovascular infections due to Abiotrophia defectiva and Granulicatella species |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1360077/ |journal=BMC infectious diseases |volume=6 |pages=9 |doi=10.1186/1471-2334-6-9 |issn=1471-2334 |pmc=1360077 |pmid=16426445}}] As the bacteria is found in the oral cavity, people with recent dental procedures or poor dental hygiene are at a higher risk of infection via entrance to the bloodstream.[{{Cite journal |last=Cheng |first=Dong Tony |last2=Kim |first2=Paul Mercedes |last3=Young |first3=Thomas |last4=Nikolarakos |first4=Dimitrios |date=2022 |title=Abiotrophia defectiva bacterial endocarditis complicated by an infective intracranial mycotic aneurysm - The need for aggressive odontogenic source control |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9460505/ |journal=Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=713–715 |doi=10.1016/j.jobcr.2022.08.021 |issn=2212-4268 |pmc=9460505 |pmid=36092455}}] |
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''A. defectiva'' is a [[Opportunistic infection|opportunistic]][{{Cite journal |last=Puxeddu |first=Silvia |last2=Virdis |first2=Valeria |last3=Sacco |first3=Daniele |last4=Depau |first4=Mario |last5=Atzei |first5=Alessandro M. |last6=Pisano |first6=Lorella |last7=Di Rosa |first7=Marcello |last8=Vacquer |first8=Stefania |last9=Accardi |first9=Giorgio |last10=Cirio |first10=Emiliano M. |last11=Manzin |first11=Aldo |last12=Marinelli |first12=Cristiana |last13=Angius |first13=Fabrizio |date=2025-01-17 |title=A case of stroke as a unique sign of subclinical infective endocarditis by Abiotrophia defectiva: a case report |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-025-00814-6 |journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=17 |doi=10.1186/s12245-025-00814-6 |issn=1865-1380 |pmc=11744866 |pmid=39833666 |doi-access=free}}] bacterium that have links to a wide variety of bloodstream related diseases,[{{Cite journal |last=Senn |first=Laurence |last2=Entenza |first2=José M. |last3=Greub |first3=Gilbert |last4=Jaton |first4=Katia |last5=Wenger |first5=Aline |last6=Bille |first6=Jacques |last7=Calandra |first7=Thierry |last8=Prod'hom |first8=Guy |date=2006-01-20 |title=Bloodstream and endovascular infections due to Abiotrophia defectiva and Granulicatella species |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1360077/ |journal=BMC infectious diseases |volume=6 |pages=9 |doi=10.1186/1471-2334-6-9 |issn=1471-2334 |pmc=1360077 |pmid=16426445}}] As the bacteria is found in the oral cavity, people with recent dental procedures or poor dental hygiene are at a higher risk of infection via entrance to the bloodstream.[{{Cite journal |last=Cheng |first=Dong Tony |last2=Kim |first2=Paul Mercedes |last3=Young |first3=Thomas |last4=Nikolarakos |first4=Dimitrios |date=2022 |title=Abiotrophia defectiva bacterial endocarditis complicated by an infective intracranial mycotic aneurysm - The need for aggressive odontogenic source control |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9460505/ |journal=Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=713–715 |doi=10.1016/j.jobcr.2022.08.021 |issn=2212-4268 |pmc=9460505 |pmid=36092455}}] Twenty-seven putative [[Virulence factor|virulence factors]] have been identified.[{{Cite journal |last=Bhardwaj |first=Radhika G |last2=Khalaf |first2=Mai E |last3=Karched |first3=Maribasappa |date=2024-12-31 |title=Secretome analysis and virulence assessment in Abiotrophia defectiva |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/20002297.2024.2307067 |journal=Journal of Oral Microbiology |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=2307067 |doi=10.1080/20002297.2024.2307067 |pmc=10863525 |pmid=38352067}}] |
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=== Linked Diseases === |
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=== Linked Diseases === |
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