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'''Dipsadinae''' is a large [[subfamily]] of [[Colubroidea|colubroid]] [[snakes]], sometimes referred to as a [[Family (biology)|family]] ('''Dipsadidae''').[{{cite journal|last1=Pyron|first1=R. A.|last2=Burbrink|first2=F.|last3=Wiens|first3=J. J.|title=A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|date=2013|volume=13|issue=1 |page=93|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-93|pmid=23627680|pmc=3682911 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013BMCEE..13...93P }}][{{cite journal|last1=Pyron|first1=R. A.|last2=Burbrink|first2=F. T.|last3=Colli|first3=G. R.|last4=De Oca|first4=A. N. M.|last5=Vitt|first5=L. J.|last6=Kuczynski|first6=C. A.|last7=Wiens|first7=J. J.|title=The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|date=2011|volume=58|issue=2|pages=329–342|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006|pmid=21074626|bibcode=2011MolPE..58..329P |url=http://www.wienslab.com/Publications_files/Pyron_et_al_2011.pdf|quote=Our results support monophyly of Colubridae, containing the traditionally recognized subfamilies Calamariinae, Colubrinae, Natricinae, Pseudoxenodontinae, and Dipsadinae.}}][{{cite journal|last1=Figueroa|first1=A.|last2=McKelvy|first2=A. D.|last3=Grismer|first3=L. L.|last4=Bell|first4=C. D.|last5=Lailvaux|first5=S. P.|title=A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2016|volume=11|issue=9|article-number=e0161070|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0161070|pmid=27603205|pmc=5014348|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1161070F |doi-access=free}}][{{cite journal|last1=Zheng|first1=Y|last2=Wiens|first2=JJ|title=Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|date=2016|volume=94|issue=Pt B|pages=537–547|url=http://www.wienslab.com/Publications_files/Zheng_Wiens_2015b_MPE.pdf|pmid=26475614|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009|bibcode=2016MolPE..94..537Z}}][ [[Species]] of the subfamily Dipsadinae are found in most of the [[Americas]], including the [[West Indies]], and are most diverse in [[South America]].][ There are more than 700 member species.][{{cite web|last1=Uetz|first1=Peter|title=Dipsadinae|url=http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=dipsadinae&submit=Search|website=The Reptile Database|access-date=14 May 2018}}] |
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'''Dipsadinae''' is a large [[subfamily]] of [[Colubroidea|colubroid]] [[snakes]], sometimes referred to as a [[Family (biology)|family]] ('''Dipsadidae''').[{{cite journal|last1=Pyron|first1=R. A.|last2=Burbrink|first2=F.|last3=Wiens|first3=J. J.|title=A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|date=2013|volume=13|issue=1 |page=93|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-93|pmid=23627680|pmc=3682911 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013BMCEE..13...93P }}][{{cite journal|last1=Pyron|first1=R. A.|last2=Burbrink|first2=F. T.|last3=Colli|first3=G. R.|last4=De Oca|first4=A. N. M.|last5=Vitt|first5=L. J.|last6=Kuczynski|first6=C. A.|last7=Wiens|first7=J. J.|title=The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|date=2011|volume=58|issue=2|pages=329–342|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006|pmid=21074626|bibcode=2011MolPE..58..329P |url=http://www.wienslab.com/Publications_files/Pyron_et_al_2011.pdf|quote=Our results support monophyly of Colubridae, containing the traditionally recognized subfamilies Calamariinae, Colubrinae, Natricinae, Pseudoxenodontinae, and Dipsadinae.}}][{{cite journal|last1=Figueroa|first1=A.|last2=McKelvy|first2=A. D.|last3=Grismer|first3=L. L.|last4=Bell|first4=C. D.|last5=Lailvaux|first5=S. P.|title=A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2016|volume=11|issue=9|article-number=e0161070|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0161070|pmid=27603205|pmc=5014348|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1161070F |doi-access=free}}][{{cite journal|last1=Zheng|first1=Y|last2=Wiens|first2=JJ|title=Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|date=2016|volume=94|issue=Pt B|pages=537–547|url=http://www.wienslab.com/Publications_files/Zheng_Wiens_2015b_MPE.pdf|pmid=26475614|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009|bibcode=2016MolPE..94..537Z}}][ [[Species]] of the subfamily Dipsadinae are found in most of the [[Americas]], including the [[West Indies]], and are most diverse in [[South America]].][ There are more than 700 member species.][{{cite web|last1=Uetz|first1=Peter|title=Dipsadinae|url=http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=dipsadinae&submit=Search|website=The Reptile Database|access-date=14 May 2018}}] |
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Dipsadinae are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of mostly small to moderate-sized snakes, typically less than {{convert|80|cm|abbr=on}} in total length. Some are arboreal, but others are aquatic or terrestrial and may even burrow. Most are [[oviparous]].[ Many eat frogs or lizards, and some consume mammals and birds. Several genera (e.g. ''[[Adelphicos]]'', ''[[Atractus]]'', ''[[Geophis]]'', ''[[Dipsas]]'', ''[[Ninia]]'', ''[[Sibon (snake)|Sibon]]'', ''[[Sibynomorphus]]'', ''[[Tropidodipsas]]'') are specialized feeders on gooey and slimy prey, such as frog eggs, earthworms, snails, and slugs.][{{cite journal|last1=Ray|first1=J. M.|last2=Montgomery|first2=C. E.|last3=Mahon|first3=H. K.|last4=Savitzky|first4=A. H.|last5=Lips|first5=K. R.|title=Goo-eaters: diets of the neotropical snakes Dipsas and Sibon in Central Panama|journal=Copeia|date=2012|volume=2012|issue=2|pages=197–202|doi=10.1643/CH-10-100|s2cid=86226277}}][{{cite journal|last1=de Oliveira|first1=L.|last2=Jared|first2=C.|last3=da Costa Prudente|first3=A. L.|last4=Zaher|first4=H.|last5=Antoniazzi|first5=M. M.|title=Oral glands in dipsadine "goo-eater" snakes: morphology and histochemistry of the infralabial glands in Atractus reticulatus, Dipsas indica, and Sibynomorphus mikanii|journal=Toxicon|date=2008|volume=51|issue=5|pages=898–913|doi=10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.021|pmid=18262581|bibcode=2008Txcn...51..898D }}][{{cite journal|last1=Zaher|first1=H.|last2=de Oliveira|first2=L.|last3=Grazziotin|first3=F. G.|last4=Campagner|first4=M.|last5=Jared|first5=C.|last6=Antoniazzi|first6=M. M.|last7=Prudente|first7=A. L.|title=Consuming viscous prey: a novel protein-secreting delivery system in neotropical snail-eating snakes|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|date=2014|volume=14|issue=1|page=58|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-58|pmid=24661572|pmc=4021269 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14...58Z }}][{{Cite web |url=http://faculty.weber.edu/rmeyers/lip-curling.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-11-30 |archive-date=2018-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201005239/http://faculty.weber.edu/rmeyers/lip-curling.pdf }}][{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XhvDwAAQBAJ |title = The Book of Snakes: A Life-Size Guide to Six Hundred Species from around the World|isbn = 978-0-226-45939-4|last1 = O'Shea|first1 = Mark|date = 2018-10-22| publisher=University of Chicago Press }}] Many species have [[opisthoglyphous]] (rear-fanged) dentition.[{{cite book |last1=Goin |first1=C.J. |author1-link=Coleman Jett Goin |last2=Goin |first2=O.B. |author2-link=species:Olive Linda Bown Goin |last3=Zug |first3=G.R. |author3-link=George Robert Zug |title=Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition |date=1978 |publisher=W.H. Freeman |location=San Francisco |isbn=0-7167-0020-4}} xi + 378 pp. ]{{rp|328}} Almost all species are completely harmless to humans, although a few genera (e.g. ''[[Borikenophis]]'', ''[[Cubophis]]'', ''[[Heterodon]]'', ''[[Hydrodynastes]]'', ''[[Philodryas]]'') have inflicted painful bites with local, non-life-threatening symptoms.[{{cite book|last1=Weinstein|first1=S. A.|last2=Warrell|first2=D. A.|last3=White|first3=J.|last4=Keyler|first4=D. E.|title=Venomous bites from non-venomous snakes: A critical analysis of risk and management of "colubrid" snake bites|date=2011|publisher=Elsevier|location=London}}] |
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Dipsadinae are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of mostly small to moderate-sized snakes, typically less than {{convert|80|cm|abbr=on}} in total length. Some are arboreal, but others are aquatic or terrestrial and may even burrow. Most are [[oviparous]].[ Many eat frogs or lizards, and some consume mammals and birds. Several [[Genus|genera]] (e.g. ''[[Adelphicos]]'', ''[[Atractus]]'', ''[[Geophis]]'', ''[[Dipsas]]'', ''[[Ninia]]'', ''[[Sibon (snake)|Sibon]]'', ''[[Sibynomorphus]]'', ''[[Tropidodipsas]]'') are specialized feeders on gooey and slimy prey, such as frog eggs, earthworms, snails, and slugs.][{{cite journal|last1=Ray|first1=J. M.|last2=Montgomery|first2=C. E.|last3=Mahon|first3=H. K.|last4=Savitzky|first4=A. H.|last5=Lips|first5=K. R.|title=Goo-eaters: diets of the neotropical snakes Dipsas and Sibon in Central Panama|journal=Copeia|date=2012|volume=2012|issue=2|pages=197–202|doi=10.1643/CH-10-100|s2cid=86226277}}][{{cite journal|last1=de Oliveira|first1=L.|last2=Jared|first2=C.|last3=da Costa Prudente|first3=A. L.|last4=Zaher|first4=H.|last5=Antoniazzi|first5=M. M.|title=Oral glands in dipsadine "goo-eater" snakes: morphology and histochemistry of the infralabial glands in Atractus reticulatus, Dipsas indica, and Sibynomorphus mikanii|journal=Toxicon|date=2008|volume=51|issue=5|pages=898–913|doi=10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.021|pmid=18262581|bibcode=2008Txcn...51..898D }}][{{cite journal|last1=Zaher|first1=H.|last2=de Oliveira|first2=L.|last3=Grazziotin|first3=F. G.|last4=Campagner|first4=M.|last5=Jared|first5=C.|last6=Antoniazzi|first6=M. M.|last7=Prudente|first7=A. L.|title=Consuming viscous prey: a novel protein-secreting delivery system in neotropical snail-eating snakes|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|date=2014|volume=14|issue=1|page=58|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-58|pmid=24661572|pmc=4021269 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14...58Z }}][{{Cite web |url=http://faculty.weber.edu/rmeyers/lip-curling.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-11-30 |archive-date=2018-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201005239/http://faculty.weber.edu/rmeyers/lip-curling.pdf }}][{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XhvDwAAQBAJ |title = The Book of Snakes: A Life-Size Guide to Six Hundred Species from around the World|isbn = 978-0-226-45939-4|last1 = O'Shea|first1 = Mark|date = 2018-10-22| publisher=University of Chicago Press }}] Many species have [[opisthoglyphous]] (rear-fanged) dentition.[{{cite book |last1=Goin |first1=C.J. |author1-link=Coleman Jett Goin |last2=Goin |first2=O.B. |author2-link=species:Olive Linda Bown Goin |last3=Zug |first3=G.R. |author3-link=George Robert Zug |title=Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition |date=1978 |publisher=W.H. Freeman |location=San Francisco |isbn=0-7167-0020-4}} xi + 378 pp. ]{{rp|328}} Almost all species are completely harmless to humans, although a few genera (e.g. ''[[Borikenophis]]'', ''[[Cubophis]]'', ''[[Heterodon]]'', ''[[Hydrodynastes]]'', ''[[Philodryas]]'') have inflicted painful bites with local, non-life-threatening symptoms.[{{cite book|last1=Weinstein|first1=S. A.|last2=Warrell|first2=D. A.|last3=White|first3=J.|last4=Keyler|first4=D. E.|title=Venomous bites from non-venomous snakes: A critical analysis of risk and management of "colubrid" snake bites|date=2011|publisher=Elsevier|location=London}}] However, the [[venom]] of one species, ''Tachymenis peruvianus'', has caused human fatalities.[{{cite journal |last1=Mackessy |first1=Stephen P. |title=Biochemistry and pharmacology of colubrid snake venoms |journal=Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews |date=2002 |volume=21 |issue=1/2 |pages=43–83}}] |
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