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'''Democratic backsliding{{efn|Other names include democratic decline,[{{cite journal |last1=Mietzner |first1=Marcus |title=Sources of resistance to democratic decline: Indonesian civil society and its trials |journal=Democratization |date=2021 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=161–178 |doi=10.1080/13510347.2020.1796649|s2cid=225475139 }}] de-democratization,[[[Cas Mudde|Mudde, Cas]] and Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017) ''Populism: a Very Short Introduction''. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.86-96. {{isbn|978-0-19-023487-4}}] democratic erosion,[{{cite journal |last1=Laebens |first1=Melis G. |last2=Lührmann |first2=Anna |title=What halts democratic erosion? The changing role of accountability |journal=Democratization |date=2021 |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=908–928 |doi=10.1080/13510347.2021.1897109|s2cid=234870008 }}] democratic decay,[{{cite journal |last1=Daly |first1=Tom Gerald |title=Democratic Decay: Conceptualising an Emerging Research Field |journal=Hague Journal on the Rule of Law |date=2019 |volume=11 |pages=9–36 |doi=10.1007/s40803-019-00086-2 |s2cid=159354232 }}] democratic recession,[{{cite journal |last1=Huq |first1=Aziz Z |title=How (not) to explain a democratic recession |journal=[[International Journal of Constitutional Law]] |date=2021 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=723–737 |doi=10.1093/icon/moab058}}] democratic regression,[ and democratic deconsolidation.][{{cite journal |last1=Chull Shin |first1=Doh |title=Democratic deconsolidation in East Asia: exploring system realignments in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan |journal=Democratization |date=2021 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=142–160 |doi=10.1080/13510347.2020.1826438|s2cid=228959708 }}] }}''' is a form of '''autocratization''', a process of structural government transition toward [[authoritarianism]] in which the exercise of political power becomes less limited and more arbitrary and [[political repression|repressive]].[{{cite journal |last1=Hyde |first1=Susan D. |date=2020 |title=Democracy's backsliding in the international environment |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=369 |issue=6508 |pages=1192–1196 |bibcode=2020Sci...369.1192H |doi=10.1126/science.abb2434 |pmid=32883862 |s2cid=221472047}}][{{cite journal |last1=Skaaning |first1=Svend-Erik |date=2020 |title=Waves of autocratization and democratization: a critical note on conceptualization and measurement |url=https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/211506495/Waves_of_autocratization_and_democratization_Accepted_manuscript_2020.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Democratization |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=1533–1542 |doi=10.1080/13510347.2020.1799194 |s2cid=225378571 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206094411/https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/211506495/Waves_of_autocratization_and_democratization_Accepted_manuscript_2020.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=7 November 2022}}][{{cite journal |last1=Lührmann |first1=Anna |last2=Lindberg |first2=Staffan I. |date=2019 |title=A third wave of autocratization is here: what is new about it? |journal=Democratization |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=1095–1113 |doi=10.1080/13510347.2019.1582029 |s2cid=150992660 |quote=The decline of democratic regime attributes – autocratization |doi-access=free}}] Democratic backsliding specifically assumes a starting point of a [[Democracy|democratic]] system. The process typically restricts the space for [[public sphere|public contest]] and [[political participation]] in the process of government selection.[{{cite book |last1=Cassani |first1=Andrea |last2=Tomini |first2=Luca |title=Autocratization in post-Cold War Political Regimes |date=2019 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-030-03125-1 |pages=15–35 |language=en |chapter=What Autocratization Is}}][{{Cite journal |author=Walder, D. |author2=Lust, E. |date=2018|title=Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=21|issue=1|pages=93–113|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628|doi-access=free|quote=Backsliding entails deterioration of qualities associated with democratic governance, within any regime. In democratic regimes, it is a decline in the quality of democracy; in autocracies, it is a decline in democratic qualities of governance.}}] Democratic backsliding involves the weakening of democratic institutions, such as the [[peaceful transition of power]] or [[free and fair elections]], or the violation of individual rights that underpin democracies, especially [[freedom of expression]].[{{Cite web|last=Lindberg|first=Staffan I.|title=The Nature of Democratic Backsliding in Europe|url=https://carnegieeurope.eu/2018/07/24/nature-of-democratic-backsliding-in-europe-pub-76868|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Carnegie Europe|language=en|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413075045/https://carnegieeurope.eu/2018/07/24/nature-of-democratic-backsliding-in-europe-pub-76868|url-status=live}}][{{Cite journal|last1=Rocha Menocal|first1=Alina|last2=Fritz|first2=Verena|last3=Rakner|first3=Lise|date=June 2008|title=Hybrid regimes and the challenges of deepening and sustaining democracy in developing countries1|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10220460802217934|journal=South African Journal of International Affairs|language=en|volume=15|issue=1|pages=29–40|doi=10.1080/10220460802217934|s2cid=55589140|issn=1022-0461|archive-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121122048/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10220460802217934|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}] Democratic backsliding is the opposite of [[democratization]]. |
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'''Democratic backsliding{{efn|Other names include democratic decline,[{{cite journal |last1=Mietzner |first1=Marcus |title=Sources of resistance to democratic decline: Indonesian civil society and its trials |journal=Democratization |date=2021 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=161–178 |doi=10.1080/13510347.2020.1796649|s2cid=225475139 }}] de-democratization,[[[Cas Mudde|Mudde, Cas]] and Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017) ''Populism: a Very Short Introduction''. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.86-96. {{isbn|978-0-19-023487-4}}] democratic erosion,[{{cite journal |last1=Laebens |first1=Melis G. |last2=Lührmann |first2=Anna |title=What halts democratic erosion? The changing role of accountability |journal=Democratization |date=2021 |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=908–928 |doi=10.1080/13510347.2021.1897109|s2cid=234870008 }}] democratic decay,[{{cite journal |last1=Daly |first1=Tom Gerald |title=Democratic Decay: Conceptualising an Emerging Research Field |journal=Hague Journal on the Rule of Law |date=2019 |volume=11 |pages=9–36 |doi=10.1007/s40803-019-00086-2 |s2cid=159354232 }}] democratic recession,[{{cite journal |last1=Huq |first1=Aziz Z |title=How (not) to explain a democratic recession |journal=[[International Journal of Constitutional Law]] |date=2021 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=723–737 |doi=10.1093/icon/moab058}}] democratic regression,[ and democratic deconsolidation.][{{cite journal |last1=Chull Shin |first1=Doh |title=Democratic deconsolidation in East Asia: exploring system realignments in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan |journal=Democratization |date=2021 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=142–160 |doi=10.1080/13510347.2020.1826438|s2cid=228959708 }}] }}''' is a form of '''autocratization''', a process of structural government transition toward [[authoritarianism]] in which the exercise of political power becomes less limited and more arbitrary and [[political repression|repressive]].[{{cite journal |last1=Hyde |first1=Susan D. |date=2020 |title=Democracy's backsliding in the international environment |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=369 |issue=6508 |pages=1192–1196 |bibcode=2020Sci...369.1192H |doi=10.1126/science.abb2434 |pmid=32883862 |s2cid=221472047}}][{{cite journal |last1=Skaaning |first1=Svend-Erik |date=2020 |title=Waves of autocratization and democratization: a critical note on conceptualization and measurement |url=https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/211506495/Waves_of_autocratization_and_democratization_Accepted_manuscript_2020.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Democratization |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=1533–1542 |doi=10.1080/13510347.2020.1799194 |s2cid=225378571 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206094411/https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/211506495/Waves_of_autocratization_and_democratization_Accepted_manuscript_2020.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=7 November 2022}}][{{cite journal |last1=Lührmann |first1=Anna |last2=Lindberg |first2=Staffan I. |date=2019 |title=A third wave of autocratization is here: what is new about it? |journal=Democratization |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=1095–1113 |doi=10.1080/13510347.2019.1582029 |s2cid=150992660 |quote=The decline of democratic regime attributes – autocratization |doi-access=free}}] Democratic backsliding specifically assumes a starting point of a [[Democracy|democratic]] system. The process typically restricts the space for [[public sphere|public contest]] and [[political participation]] in the process of government selection.[{{cite book |last1=Cassani |first1=Andrea |last2=Tomini |first2=Luca |title=Autocratization in post-Cold War Political Regimes |date=2019 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-030-03125-1 |pages=15–35 |language=en |chapter=What Autocratization Is}}][{{Cite journal |author=Walder, D. |author2=Lust, E. |date=2018|title=Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=21|issue=1|pages=93–113|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628|doi-access=free|quote=Backsliding entails deterioration of qualities associated with democratic governance, within any regime. In democratic regimes, it is a decline in the quality of democracy; in autocracies, it is a decline in democratic qualities of governance.}}] Democratic backsliding involves the weakening of democratic institutions, such as the [[peaceful transition of power]] or [[free and fair elections]], or the violation of individual rights that underpin democracies, especially [[freedom of expression]].[{{Cite web|last=Lindberg|first=Staffan I.|title=The Nature of Democratic Backsliding in Europe|url=https://carnegieeurope.eu/2018/07/24/nature-of-democratic-backsliding-in-europe-pub-76868|access-date=2021-01-27|website=Carnegie Europe|language=en|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413075045/https://carnegieeurope.eu/2018/07/24/nature-of-democratic-backsliding-in-europe-pub-76868|url-status=live}}][{{Cite journal|last1=Rocha Menocal|first1=Alina|last2=Fritz|first2=Verena|last3=Rakner|first3=Lise|date=June 2008|title=Hybrid regimes and the challenges of deepening and sustaining democracy in developing countries1|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10220460802217934|journal=South African Journal of International Affairs|language=en|volume=15|issue=1|pages=29–40|doi=10.1080/10220460802217934|s2cid=55589140|issn=1022-0461|archive-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121122048/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10220460802217934|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}] Democratic backsliding is the opposite of [[democratization]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} |
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Democratic backsliding is a gradual process, composed of instances of decline.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} It is not sudden nor dramatic, and typically follows legal processes to weaken [[Democratic institution|democratic institutions]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} The Democratic Erosion Consortium categorizes these events of erosion into precursors, symptoms, acts of resistance to backsliding, and destabilizing events.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} |
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Democratic backsliding is a gradual process, composed of instances of decline.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} It is not sudden nor dramatic, and typically follows legal processes to weaken [[Democratic institution|democratic institutions]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} The Democratic Erosion Consortium categorizes these events of erosion into precursors, symptoms, acts of resistance to backsliding, and destabilizing events.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} |
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