Commons
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{{About|the term "commons" in political economics|the Wikimedia project|Wikimedia Commons|other uses|Commons (disambiguation)}} |
{{About|the term "commons" in political economics|the Wikimedia project|Wikimedia Commons|other uses|Commons (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Distinguish|Common land|Commmons}} |
{{Distinguish|Common land|Commmons}} |
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| ⚫ | [[File:Sheep grazing on Castlemorton Common - geograph.org.uk - 5981677.jpg|thumb|Sheep grazing on common pasture, a stereotypical environmental commons, at [[Castlemorton]] [[User:CommonsDelinker|Commons]] is a bot accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable Earth. These resources are held in common even when owned privately or publicly. Commons can also be understood as natural resources that groups of people (communities, user groups) manage for individual and collective benefit.{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=E. T. |date=2024-01-23 |title=Practising Commoning |url=https://commonslibrary.org/practising-commoning/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}} Characteristically, this involves a variety of informal norms and values (social practice) employed for a governance mechanism.{{cite journal |last1=Basu |first1=Soutrik |last2=Jongerden |first2=Joost |last3=Ruivenkamp |first3=Guido |date=17 March 2017 |title=Development of the drought tolerant variety Sahbhagi Dhan: exploring the concepts commons and community building |journal=[[International Journal of the Commons]] |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=144 |doi=10.18352/ijc.673 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2017IJCom..11..144B }} |
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[[File:Sheep grazing on Castlemorton Common - geograph.org.uk - 5981677.jpg|thumb|Sheep grazing on common pasture, a stereotypical environmental commons, at [[Castlemorton]]]] |
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| ⚫ | Commons can also be [[#Commoning as a process|defined as a social practice]]{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=David |author-link=David Harvey |title=Rebel cities : from the right to the city to the urban revolution |date=2012 |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1-84467-882-2 |location=New York |pages=73 |language=English |oclc=767564397}} of governing a resource not by state or market but by a community of users that self-governs the resource through institutions that it creates.Classical theory based on Elinor Ostrom's book {{Cite web |title=Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press | url=https://archive.org/details/governingthecommons }} |
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| ⚫ | Commons can also be [[#Commoning as a process|defined as a social practice]]{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=David |author-link=David Harvey |title=Rebel cities : from the right to the city to the urban revolution |date=2012 |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1-84467-882-2 |location=New York |pages=73 |language=English |oclc=767564397}} of governing a resource not by state or market but by a community of users that self-governs the resource through institutions that it creates.Classical theory based on Elinor Ostrom's book {{Cite web |title=Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press | url=https://archive.org/details/governingthecommons }} |
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==Definition and modern use== |
==Definition and modern use== |
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