Boat building

*'''[[Clinker (boat building)|Clinker]]''' is a planking-first technique closely associated with [[Nordic countries]], though used over a wider area of Northern Europe.{{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Jonathan |title=A maritime archaeology of ships: innovation and social change in late medieval and early modern Europe |date=2013 |publisher=Oxbow Books |location=Oxford |isbn=9781782970453}}{{rp|53}} [[Wood]]en planks are fixed to each other with a slight overlap that is beveled for a tight fit. The planks are mechanically connected to each other with copper rivets, bent over iron nails, screws or in modern boats with adhesives. Often, [[steam bending|steam bent]] wooden ribs are fitted inside the hull.{{Cite book|last=Oughtred|first=Iain|url=https://archive.org/details/clinkerplywoodbo00iain|url-access=registration|title=Clinker Plywood Boatbuilding Manual|date=2000|publisher=WoodenBoat Books|isbn=978-0-937822-61-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/clinkerplywoodbo00iain/page/n9 2]|language=en}}

*'''[[Clinker (boat building)|Clinker]]''' is a planking-first technique closely associated with [[Nordic countries]], though used over a wider area of Northern Europe.{{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Jonathan |title=A maritime archaeology of ships: innovation and social change in late medieval and early modern Europe |date=2013 |publisher=Oxbow Books |location=Oxford |isbn=9781782970453}}{{rp|53}} [[Wood]]en planks are fixed to each other with a slight overlap that is beveled for a tight fit. The planks are mechanically connected to each other with copper rivets, bent over iron nails, screws or in modern boats with adhesives. Often, [[steam bending|steam bent]] wooden ribs are fitted inside the hull.{{Cite book|last=Oughtred|first=Iain|url=https://archive.org/details/clinkerplywoodbo00iain|url-access=registration|title=Clinker Plywood Boatbuilding Manual|date=2000|publisher=WoodenBoat Books|isbn=978-0-937822-61-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/clinkerplywoodbo00iain/page/n9 2]|language=en}}

*'''[[Strip planking]]''' is yet another type of wooden boat construction similar to carvel. It is a glued construction method which is very popular with amateur boatbuilders as it is quick, avoids complex temporary jig work and does not require shaping of the planks.{{cite web|url=http://gartsideboats.com/faq2.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123155407/http://gartsideboats.com/faq2.php |archive-date=2010-11-23 |title=Planking Methods Comparison |publisher=Gartsideboats.com |date=2010-11-23 |access-date=2012-06-14}}

*'''[[Strip planking]]''' is yet another type of wooden boat construction similar to carvel. It is a glued construction method which is very popular with amateur boatbuilders as it is quick, avoids complex temporary jig work and does not require shaping of the planks.{{cite web|url=http://gartsideboats.com/faq2.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123155407/http://gartsideboats.com/faq2.php |archive-date=2010-11-23 |title=Planking Methods Comparison |publisher=Gartsideboats.com |date=2010-11-23 |access-date=2012-06-14}}

*'''[[Sheet plywood boat building]]''' uses sheets of '''[[plywood|plywood panel]]'''s usually fixed to longitudinal long wood such the chines, inwhales (sheer clamps) or intermediate stringers which are all bent around a series of frames. By attaching the ply sheets to the longwood rather than directly to the frames this avoids hard spots or an unfair hull. Plywood may be laminated into a round hull or used in single sheets. These hulls generally have one or more chines and the method is called [[Chine (boating)|Ply on Frame construction]].{{cite web |url=http://www.boatbuilding.net/article.pl?sid=07/10/17/1655255 |title=Ply on Frame construction |publisher=Boatbuilding.net |access-date=2012-06-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305183809/http://www.boatbuilding.net/article.pl?sid=07%2F10%2F17%2F1655255 |archive-date=2012-03-05 }} A subdivision of the sheet plywood boat building method is known as the [[stitch and glue|stitch-and-glue]] method,{{cite web|url=http://www.glen-l.com/resources/glossary.html |title=Stitch and glue subdivision of sheet plywood method |publisher=Glen-l.com |access-date=2012-06-14}} where pre-shaped panels of plywood are drawn together then edge glued and reinforced with fibreglass without the use of a frame.{{cite web|url=http://www.boatbuilder.org/stitchandglue.htm |title=Benefits of stitch and glue |publisher=Boatbuilder.org |access-date=2012-06-14}} Metal or plastic ties, nylon fishing line or copper wires pull curved flat panels into three-dimensional curved shapes. These hulls generally have one or more chines. Marine grade plywood of good quality is designated "WBP" (which stands for water- and boiled-proof) or more usually BS 1088. Australian plywood manufacturers and suppliers have issued warnings that some Asian nations are selling ply stamped BS 1088 which does not meet international standards. Specifically, they say outer plies are too thin (should be {{convert|1.2|mm|abbr=on|disp=or}} minimum) or are very thin (less than {{convert|0.5|mm|abbr=on|disp=or}}) or high-grade surface ply such as Okoume is combined with a much heavier and wider inner cores. Most high-grade marine Okoume (Gaboon) ply uses lightweight poplar inner cores. Often the 1088 stamp is blurred in the poor Asian ply so it is not clear. In Australia and New Zealand a higher-grade marine ply than BS1088 is AS2272. It requires both faces to be "A" quality, with even-thickness plies. The most common plywood used for this grade is plantation-grown Hoop Pine which is fine grained, very smooth, moderately light (at {{convert|570|kg/m3|lb/cuft|abbr=on|disp=or}} it is the same weight as Meranti ply and about 13% heavier than genuine poplar cored BS1088 Okoume). Hoop pine has a very high stress rating of F17, indicating high strength. Meranti (Lauan) ply has a stress rating of F14 and Okoume ply F8. Okoume ply is commonly coated with epoxy to increase strength and impact resistance as well as to exclude water. Both types of plywood construction are very popular with amateur builders, and many dinghies such as the [[Vaurien]], Cherub, [[Tolman Skiff|Tolman]], Moth and P class (ply on frame construction) and FJs, FDs and [[Kolibri (keelboat)|Kolibri]]s (stitch-and-glue method) have been built from it.{{cite web|url=http://bearfacemedia.co.uk/European_Dinghies.aspx|title=European Dinghies build by amateur builders |publisher=Bearfacemedia.co.uk |access-date=2012-06-14}}{{cite web|url=http://www.clubsnautiques.com/vaurien/txt_angl.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502141046/http://www.clubsnautiques.com/vaurien/txt_angl.htm |archive-date=2009-05-02 |title=Vaurien amateur building |publisher=Clubsnautiques.com |date=2009-05-02 |access-date=2012-06-14}} Another variation is tortured ply where very thin({{convert|3|mm|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and flexible (often Okoume)preshaped panels ply are bent into compound curves and sewn together. Little or no framework or longitudinal wood is used. This method is mainly confined to kayaks.

*'''[[Sheet plywood boat building]]''' uses sheets of '''[[plywood|plywood panel]]'''s usually fixed to longitudinal long wood such the chines, inwhales (sheer clamps) or intermediate stringers which are all bent around a series of frames. By attaching the ply sheets to the longwood rather than directly to the frames this avoids hard spots or an unfair hull. Plywood may be laminated into a round hull or used in single sheets. These hulls generally have one or more chines and the method is called [[Chine (boating)|Ply on Frame construction]].{{cite web |url=http://www.boatbuilding.net/article.pl?sid=07/10/17/1655255 |title=Ply on Frame construction |publisher=Boatbuilding.net |access-date=2012-06-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305183809/http://www.boatbuilding.net/article.pl?sid=07%2F10%2F17%2F1655255 |archive-date=2012-03-05 }} A subdivision of the sheet plywood boat building method is known as the [[stitch and glue|stitch-and-glue]] method,{{cite web|url=http://www.glen-l.com/resources/glossary.html |title=Stitch and glue subdivision of sheet plywood method |publisher=Glen-l.com |access-date=2012-06-14}} where pre-shaped panels of plywood are drawn together then edge glued and reinforced with fibreglass without the use of a frame.{{cite web|url=http://www.boatbuilder.org/stitchandglue.htm |title=Benefits of stitch and glue |publisher=Boatbuilder.org |access-date=2012-06-14}} Metal or plastic ties, nylon fishing line or copper wires pull curved flat panels into three-dimensional curved shapes. These hulls generally have one or more chines. Marine grade plywood of good quality is designated "WBP" (which stands for water- and boiled-proof) or more usually BS 1088. Australian plywood manufacturers and suppliers have issued warnings that some Asian nations are selling ply stamped BS 1088 which does not meet international standards. Specifically, they say outer plies are too thin (should be {{convert|1.2|mm|abbr=on|disp=or}} minimum) or are very thin (less than {{convert|0.5|mm|abbr=on|disp=or}}) or high-grade surface ply such as Okoume is combined with a much heavier and wider inner cores. Most high-grade marine Okoume (Gaboon) ply uses lightweight poplar inner cores. Often the 1088 stamp is blurred in the poor Asian ply so it is not clear. In Australia and New Zealand a higher-grade marine ply than BS1088 is AS2272. It requires both faces to be "A" quality, with even-thickness plies. The most common plywood used for this grade is plantation-grown hoop pine which is fine grained, very smooth, moderately light (at {{convert|570|kg/m3|lb/cuft|abbr=on|disp=or}} it is the same weight as Meranti ply and about 13% heavier than genuine poplar cored BS1088 Okoume). Hoop pine has a very high stress rating of F17, indicating high strength. Meranti (Lauan) ply has a stress rating of F14 and Okoume ply F8. Okoume ply is commonly coated with epoxy to increase strength and impact resistance as well as to exclude water. Both types of plywood construction are very popular with amateur builders, and many dinghies such as the [[Vaurien]], Cherub, [[Tolman Skiff|Tolman]], Moth and P class (ply on frame construction) and FJs, FDs and [[Kolibri (keelboat)|Kolibri]]s (stitch-and-glue method) have been built from it.{{cite web|url=http://bearfacemedia.co.uk/European_Dinghies.aspx|title=European Dinghies build by amateur builders |publisher=Bearfacemedia.co.uk |access-date=2012-06-14}}{{cite web|url=http://www.clubsnautiques.com/vaurien/txt_angl.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502141046/http://www.clubsnautiques.com/vaurien/txt_angl.htm |archive-date=2009-05-02 |title=Vaurien amateur building |publisher=Clubsnautiques.com |date=2009-05-02 |access-date=2012-06-14}} Another variation is tortured ply where very thin({{convert|3|mm|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and flexible (often Okoume)preshaped panels ply are bent into compound curves and sewn together. Little or no framework or longitudinal wood is used. This method is mainly confined to kayaks.

* '''[[Cold moulding]]''' is a composite method of wooden boat building that uses two or more layers of thin wood, called veneers, oriented in different directions, resulting in a strong monocoque structure, similar to a fibreglass hull but substantially lighter. Sometimes composed of a base layer of strip planking followed by multiple veneers. Sometimes just veneers are used.″The Gougeon Brothers on Boat Construction, Wood and West System Materials″ Cold-moulding is popular in small, medium and very large, wooden super-yachts. Using different types of wood, the builder can lighten some areas such as bow and stern and strengthen other high-stress areas. Sometimes cold-moulded hulls are protected either inside or out or both with fibreglass or similar products for impact resistance, especially when lightweight, soft timber such as cedar is used. This method lends itself to great flexibility in hull shape.[http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php/Cold_Moulding Cold moulding website]
Cold-moulded refers to a type of building one-off hulls using thin strips of wood applied to a series of forms at 45-degree angles to the centerline. This method is often called double-diagonal because a minimum of two layers is recommended, each occurring at opposing 45-degree angles. The "hot-moulded" method of building boats, which used ovens to heat and cure the resin, has not been widely used since World War II; and now almost all curing is done at room temperature.

* '''[[Cold moulding]]''' is a composite method of wooden boat building that uses two or more layers of thin wood, called veneers, oriented in different directions, resulting in a strong monocoque structure, similar to a fibreglass hull but substantially lighter. Sometimes composed of a base layer of strip planking followed by multiple veneers. Sometimes just veneers are used.″The Gougeon Brothers on Boat Construction, Wood and West System Materials″ Cold-moulding is popular in small, medium and very large, wooden super-yachts. Using different types of wood, the builder can lighten some areas such as bow and stern and strengthen other high-stress areas. Sometimes cold-moulded hulls are protected either inside or out or both with fibreglass or similar products for impact resistance, especially when lightweight, soft timber such as cedar is used. This method lends itself to great flexibility in hull shape.[http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php/Cold_Moulding Cold moulding website]
Cold-moulded refers to a type of building one-off hulls using thin strips of wood applied to a series of forms at 45-degree angles to the centerline. This method is often called double-diagonal because a minimum of two layers is recommended, each occurring at opposing 45-degree angles. The "hot-moulded" method of building boats, which used ovens to heat and cure the resin, has not been widely used since World War II; and now almost all curing is done at room temperature.