Apartheid

[[File:Zuid Afrikaanse premier dr. H. Verwoerd, Bestanddeelnr 911-1297 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hendrik Verwoerd]], minister of native affairs (1950{{ndash}}1958) and prime minister (1958{{ndash}}1966), earned the nickname 'Architect of Apartheid' from his large role in creating legislation.]]

[[File:Zuid Afrikaanse premier dr. H. Verwoerd, Bestanddeelnr 911-1297 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hendrik Verwoerd]], minister of native affairs (1950{{ndash}}1958) and prime minister (1958{{ndash}}1966), earned the nickname 'Architect of Apartheid' from his large role in creating legislation.]]

NP leaders argued that South Africa did not comprise a single nation, but was made up of four distinct racial groups: white, black, Coloured and Indian. Such groups were split into 13 nations or racial federations. White people encompassed the English and [[Afrikaans]] language groups; the black populace was divided into ten such groups.

HNP leaders argued that South Africa did not comprise a single nation, but was made up of four distinct racial groups: white, black, Coloured and Indian. Such groups were split into 13 nations or racial federations. White people encompassed the English and [[Afrikaans]] language groups; the black populace was divided into ten such groups.

The state passed laws that paved the way for "grand apartheid", which was centred on separating races on a large scale, by compelling people to live in separate places defined by race. This strategy was in part adopted from "left-over" British rule that separated different racial groups after they took control of the [[Boer republics]] in the [[Anglo-Boer war]]. This created the black-only "[[Township (South Africa)|township]]s" or "locations", where blacks were relocated to their own towns. As the NP government's [[Minister of Bantu Administration and Development, and Bantu Education|minister of native affairs]] from 1950, Hendrik Verwoerd had a significant role in crafting such laws, which led to him being regarded as the 'Architect of Apartheid'.{{cite book |last1=Kenney |first1=Henry |title=Verwoerd: Architect of Apartheid |date=2016 |publisher=Jonathan Ball Publishers |isbn=9781868427161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmIcDQEACAAJ |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602233332/https://books.google.com/books?id=HmIcDQEACAAJ |url-status=live}}{{cite magazine |last=Gross |first=D. |date=14 September 2016 |title=How Should South Africa Remember the Architect of Apartheid? |magazine=[[Smithsonian Magazine]] |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-should-south-africa-remember-architect-apartheid-180960449/ |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-date=16 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216080313/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-should-south-africa-remember-architect-apartheid-180960449/ |url-status=live}} In addition, "petty apartheid" laws were passed.

The state passed laws that paved the way for "grand apartheid", which was centred on separating races on a large scale, by compelling people to live in separate places defined by race. This strategy was in part adopted from "left-over" British rule that separated different racial groups after they took control of the [[Boer republics]] in the [[Anglo-Boer war]]. This created the black-only "[[Township (South Africa)|township]]s" or "locations", where blacks were relocated to their own towns. As the NP government's [[Minister of Bantu Administration and Development, and Bantu Education|minister of native affairs]] from 1950, Hendrik Verwoerd had a significant role in crafting such laws, which led to him being regarded as the 'Architect of Apartheid'.{{cite book |last1=Kenney |first1=Henry |title=Verwoerd: Architect of Apartheid |date=2016 |publisher=Jonathan Ball Publishers |isbn=9781868427161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmIcDQEACAAJ |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602233332/https://books.google.com/books?id=HmIcDQEACAAJ |url-status=live}}{{cite magazine |last=Gross |first=D. |date=14 September 2016 |title=How Should South Africa Remember the Architect of Apartheid? |magazine=[[Smithsonian Magazine]] |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-should-south-africa-remember-architect-apartheid-180960449/ |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-date=16 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216080313/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-should-south-africa-remember-architect-apartheid-180960449/ |url-status=live}}

The first grand apartheid law was the [[Population Registration Act]] of 1950, which formalised racial classification and introduced an identity card for all persons over the age of 18, specifying their racial group.Boddy-Evans, Alistar. [http://africanhistory.about.com/od/apartheidlaws/g/No30of50.htm Population Registration Act No 30 of 1950] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207084231/http://africanhistory.about.com/od/apartheidlaws/g/No30of50.htm |date=7 February 2017 }}. [[About.com]]. Official teams or boards were established to come to a conclusion on those people whose race was unclear.Ungar, Sanford (1989). ''Africa: the people and politics of an emerging continent.'' Simon & Schuster. p. 224. This caused difficulty, especially for [[Coloureds|Coloured people]], separating families when members were assigned to different races.Goldin, Ian (1987). ''Making race: the politics and economics of Coloured identity in South Africa.'' Longman. p. xxvi.

The first two grand apartheid laws were the [[Population Registration Act, 1950]], which required that every South African be classified registered in accordance with their racial characteristics, and the [[Group Areas Act|Group Areas Act, 1950]], which divided urban areas into "group areas" in which ownership and residence was restricted to certain population groups.{{cite web |year=1998 |title=South African Demographic Health Survey |url=http://www.doh.gov.za/facts/1998/sadhs98/chapter1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726195853/http://www.doh.gov.za/facts/1998/sadhs98/chapter1.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011 |access-date=27 October 2025 |publisher=Department of Health}} name="posel">{{cite web |last=Posel |first=Deborah |year=2001 |title=What's in a name? Racial categorisations under apartheid and their afterlife |url=http://pdfproc.lib.msu.edu/?file=/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/transformation/tran047/tran047005.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305235727/http://pdfproc.lib.msu.edu/?file=/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/transformation/tran047/tran047005.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=27 October 2025 |publisher=[[Michigan State University]]}}{{cite news |year=1991 |title=South African activist teacher gets education doctorate |url=http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/pr/91/910610Arc1324.html |access-date=27 October 2025 |newspaper=Stanford News Service}}> Under the Population Registration Act, racial classification was formalised and required every person over 18 had to carry an identity card detailing their racial classification.> Official teams or boards were established to come to a conclusion on those people whose race was unclear.{{cite book last=Ungar |first=Sanford |date=1989 |title=Africa: the people and politics of an emerging continent |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |page=224}} This caused difficulty, especially for [[Coloureds|Coloured people]], separating families when members were assigned to different races.{{cite book |last=Goldin |first=Ian |date=1987 |title=Making race: the politics and economics of Coloured identity in South Africa |publisher=Longman |page=xxvi}}

The second pillar of grand apartheid was the [[Group Areas Act]] of 1950.Boddy-Evans, Alistar. [http://africanhistory.about.com/od/apartheidlaws/g/No41of50.htm Group Areas Act No 41 of 1950] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829075120/http://africanhistory.about.com/od/apartheidlaws/g/No41of50.htm |date=29 August 2016 }}. [[About.com]]. Until then, most settlements had people of different races living side by side. This Act put an end to diverse areas and determined where one lived according to race. Each race was allotted its own area, which was used in later years as a basis of forced removal.Besteman, Catherine Lowe (2008). ''Transforming Cape Town''. University of California Press. p. 6. The [[Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act, 1951|Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act]] of 1951 allowed the government to demolish black [[shanty town]] slums and forced white employers to pay for the construction of housing for those black workers who were permitted to reside in cities otherwise reserved for whites.Boddy-Evans, Alistar. [http://africanhistory.about.com/library/bl/blsalaws.htm Apartheid Legislation in South Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906053139/http://africanhistory.about.com/library/bl/blsalaws.htm |date=6 September 2015 }}. [[About.com]]. The [[Native Laws Amendment Act, 1952]] centralised and tightened pass laws so that blacks could not stay in urban areas for longer than 72 hours without a permit.{{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016|p=49}}

Until then, most settlements had people of different races living side by side. This Act put an end to diverse areas and determined where one lived according to race. Each race was allotted its own area, which was used in later years as a basis of forced removal.Besteman, Catherine Lowe (2008). ''Transforming Cape Town''. University of California Press. p. 6. The [[Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act, 1951|Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act]] of 1951 allowed the government to demolish black [[shanty town]] slums and forced white employers to pay for the construction of housing for those black workers who were permitted to reside in cities otherwise reserved for whites.Boddy-Evans, Alistar. [http://africanhistory.about.com/library/bl/blsalaws.htm Apartheid Legislation in South Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906053139/http://africanhistory.about.com/library/bl/blsalaws.htm |date=6 September 2015 }}. [[About.com]]. The [[Native Laws Amendment Act, 1952]] centralised and tightened pass laws so that blacks could not stay in urban areas for longer than 72 hours without a permit.{{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016|p=49}}

The [[Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act]] of 1949 prohibited marriage between persons of different races, and the [[Immorality Act]] of 1950 made [[Miscegenation|sexual relations between whites and other races]] a [[criminal offence]].

The [[Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act]] of 1949 prohibited marriage between persons of different races, and the [[Immorality Act]] of 1950 made [[Miscegenation|sexual relations between whites and other races]] a [[criminal offence]].