Accordion

{{langx|grc|ἁρμονικός}} {{grc-tr|ἁρμονικός}} meaning "harmonic, musical".

{{langx|grc|ἁρμονικός}} {{grc-tr|ἁρμονικός}} meaning "harmonic, musical".

Today, native versions of the name ''accordion'' are more common. These names refer to the type of accordion [[#History|patented by Cyrill Demian]], which concerned "automatically coupled chords on the bass side".Dyremose, Jeanette & Lars, ''Det levende bælgspil'' (2003), p. 133

Today, native versions of the name ''accordion'' are more common. These names refer to the type of accordion [[#History|patented by Cyrill Demian]], "automatically coupled chords on the bass side".Dyremose, Jeanette & Lars, ''Det bælgspil'' (2003), p. 133

==History==

==History==

{{See also|Free reed aerophone#History|l1=History of free reed aerophones}}

{{See also|Free reed aerophone#History|l1=History of free reed aerophones}}

[[File:8 key accordion.JPG|thumb|left|Eight-key bisonoric diatonic accordion ({{Circa|1830}})]]

[[File:8 key accordion.JPG|thumb|left|Eight-key bisonoric diatonic accordion (})]]

The accordion's basic form is believed to have been invented in [[Berlin]], in 1822, by [[Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann]],There is not a single document to back up this belief. Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann was 16 years old at that time; handwritten evidence of C.F. Buschschmann and his father exists, but without any related notice within. The first mention of an aeoline was in a text dated 1829.{{cite book |last1=Campacci |first1=Claudio |title=Século Xix |publisher=[[Clube de Autores]] |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VtPBQAAQBAJ&q=Christian+Friedrich+Ludwig+Buschmann+1822&pg=PA14 |access-date=15 January 2017 |language=pt |year=2008 }} although one instrument was discovered in 2006 that appears to have been built earlier.This is the accordion owned by Fredrik Dillner of Sweden, which has the name F. Löhner Nürnberg engraved (stamped) on it. The instrument was given to Johannes Dillner in 1830 or earlier[https://henrydoktorski.com/free-reed/essays/dillner_interview.html "Interview with Fredrik Dillner{{snd}}The Owner of What May Be the World's Oldest Accordion"]. ''The Free-Reed Journal'', 22 June 2006Müller, Mette & Lisbet Torp (red.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=hkgoyMAdxT8C Musikkens tjenere. Forsker, Instrument, Musiker] – Musikhistorisk Museums 100 års Jubilæumsskrift 1998, 297 s., indb rigt illustreret {{ISBN|978-87-7289-466-9}} Serie: Meddelelser fra Musikhistorisk Museum og Carl Claudius Samling {{ISSN|0900-2111 }}

The accordion's basic form is believed to have been invented in [[Berlin]], in 1822, by [[Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann]],There is not a sidocument to back up this belief. Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann was 16 years old at that time; handwritten evidence of C.F. Buschschmann and his father exists, but without any related notice within. The first mention of an aeoline was in a text dated 1829.{{cite book |last1=Campacci |first1=Claudio |title=Século Xix |publisher=[[Clube de Autores]] |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VtPBQAAQBAJ&q=Christian+Friedrich+Ludwig+Buschmann+1822&pg=PA14 |access-date=15 January 2017 |language=pt |year=2008 }} although one instrument was discovered in 2006 that appears to have been built earlier.This is the accordion owned by Fredrik Dillner of Sweden, which has the name F. Löhner Nürnberg engraved (stamped) on it. The instrument was given to Johannes Dillner in 1830 or earlier[https://henrydoktorski.com/free-reed/essays/dillner_interview.html "Interview with Fredrik Dillner{{snd}}The Owner of What May Be the World's Oldest Accordion"]. ''The Free-Reed Journal'', 22 June 2006Müller, Mette & Lisbet Torp (red.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=hkgoyMAdxT8C Musikkens tjenere. Forsker, Instrument, Musiker] – Musikhistorisk Museums 100 års Jubilæumsskrift 1998, 297 s., indb rigt illustreret {{ISBN|978-87-7289-466-9}} Serie: Meddelelser fra Musikhistorisk Museum og Carl Claudius Samling {{ISSN|0900-2111 }}

The accordion is one of several European inventions of the early 19th century that use free reeds driven by a bellows. An instrument called ''accordion'' was first patented in 1829 by [[Cyrill Demian]] in [[Vienna]].A summary and pictures of this patent can be found at [https://henrydoktorski.com/free-reed/history/demian.html] (The Classical Free-Reed, Inc.)

The accordion is one of several European inventions of the early 19th century that use free reeds driven by a bellows. An instrument called ''accordion'' was first patented in 1829 by [Demian]] in [[Vienna]].A summary and pictures of this patent can be found at [https://henrydoktorski.com/free-reed/history/demian.html] (The Classical Free-Reed, Inc.)

[[File:Accordionist.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|An accordionist]]Cyrill Demian's instrument bore little resemblance to modern instruments. It only had a left-hand buttonboard, with the right hand simply operating the bellows. One key feature for which Demian sought the patent was the sounding of an entire chord by depressing one key. His instrument could also sound two chords with the same key, one for each bellow direction (a ''bisonoric'' action). At that time in Vienna, mouth [[harmonica]]s with ''Kanzellen'' (chambers) had already been available for many years, along with bigger instruments driven by hand bellows. The [[diatonic]] key arrangement was also already used on mouth-blown instruments. Demian's patent thus covered an accompanying instrument: an accordion played with the left hand, opposite to how contemporary chromatic hand harmonicas were played, small and light enough for travelers to take with them and used to accompany singing. The patent also described instruments with both [[Bass (sound)|bass]] and [[wikt:treble|treble]] sections, although Demian preferred the bass-only instrument owing to its cost and weight advantages.German Text: "Mit den Dekel des Balges, läßt sich das ganze Instrument verdoppeln, so daß man dadurch die Accorde vermehrt, oder auch mit einzelne Töne spielen kann, in diesem Fall, muß ein zweyter Einsatz mit Federn, und auch eine 2te Claviatur dazu kommen, der Blasebalg bleibt in der Mitte, jede Hand dirigirt abwechselnd, entweder die Claves, oder den Balg. Durch eine obengenannte Verdoplung des Instruments oder durch Vermehrung der Accorde, würde niemand etwas verbessern, oder was neues liefern, weil nur die Bestandtheile dadurch vermehrt, das Instrument theurer und schwerer wird."

[[File:Accordionist.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|An accordionist]]Cyrill Demian's instrument bore little resemblance to modern instruments. It only had a left-hand buttonboard, with the right hand simply operating the bellows. One key feature for which Demian sought the patent was the sounding of an entire chord by depressing one key. His instrument could also sound two chords with the same key, one for each bellow direction (a ''bisonoric'' action). At that time in Vienna, mouth [[harmonica]]s with ''Kanzellen'' (chambers) had already been available for many years, along with bigger instruments driven by hand bellows. The [[diatonic]] key arrangement was also already used on mouth-blown instruments. Demian's patent thus covered an accompanying instrument: an accordion played with the left hand, opposite to how contemporary chromatic hand harmonicas were played, small and light enough for travelers to take with them and used to accompany singing. The patent also described instruments with both [[Bass (sound)|bass]] and [[wikt:treble|treble]] sections, although Demian preferred the bass-only instrument owing to its cost and weight advantages.German Text: "Mit den Dekel des Balges, läßt sich das ganze Instrument verdoppeln, so daß man dadurch die Accorde vermehrt, oder auch mit einzelne Töne spielen kann, in diesem Fall, muß ein zweyter Einsatz mit Federn, und auch eine 2te Claviatur dazu kommen, der Blasebalg bleibt in der Mitte, jede Hand dirigirt abwechselnd, entweder die Claves, oder den Balg. Durch eine obengenannte Verdoplung des Instruments oder durch Vermehrung der Accorde, würde niemand etwas verbessern, oder was neues liefern, weil nur die Bestandtheile dadurch vermehrt, das Instrument theurer und schwerer wird."

[[File:Accordionschule1.JPG|thumb|The first pages in Adolf Müller's accordion book]]

[[File:Accordionschule1.JPG|thumb|The first pages in Adolf Müller's accordion book]]

The [[Austrians|Austrian]] musician [[Adolf Müller Sr.|Adolf Müller]] described a great variety of instruments in his 1854 book ''{{Lang|de|Schule für Accordion}}''. At the time, Vienna and London had a close musical relationship, with musicians often performing in both cities in the same year, so it is possible that Wheatstone was aware of this type of instrument and may have used them to put his key-arrangement ideas into practice.

The [[Austrians|Austrian]] musician [[Adolf Müller Sr.|Adolf , Vienna and London had a close musical relationship, with musicians often performing in both cities in the same year, so it is possible that Wheatstone was aware of this type of instrument and may have used them to put his key-arrangement ideas into practice.

Jeune's ''[[flutina]]'' resembles Wheatstone's concertina in internal construction and [[tone colour]], but it appears to complement Demian's accordion functionally. The flutina is a one-sided bisonoric melody-only instrument whose keys are operated with the right hand while the bellows are operated with the left. When the two instruments are combined, the result is quite similar to diatonic button accordions still manufactured today.

Jeune's ''[[flutina]]'' resembles Wheatstone's concertina in internal construction and [[tone colour]], but it appears to complement Demian's accordion functionally. The flutina is a one-sided bisonoric melody-only instrument whose keys are operated with the right hand while the bellows are operated with the left. When the two instruments are combined, the result is quite similar to diatonic button accordions still manufactured today.